Labyrinthos Bibliography
Historical Sources
The following extensive catalogue of books and articles from journals, etc., is offered as a guide for enthusiasts, researchers and students looking for sources for research and further reading.
In addition to the books below that are concerned specifically with labyrinths and mazes in general, there are many other books and journal articles that contain valuable sources of information. Some of these focus on particular subjects, in which discussion of labyrinths in that context are also discussed, some are specialised papers dealing with particular labyrinths or groups of examples, either by geographical or historical distribution. To make it easier to search for particular topics we have catagorised these into a number of themes - click the links below to jump to these sections.
General Historical Information
General Historical Information
Bord, Janet. Mazes and Labyrinths of the World. London: Latimer, 1976. Many photos and illustrations, if a little short on information, this was one of the first books to re-kindle modern interest.
Candolini, Gernot. Das Geheimnisvolle Labyrinth. Augsburg, Germany: Pattloch, 1999. Well-illustrated German-language study of labyrinths, ancient and modern.
Field, Robert. Mazes: Ancient & Modern. Diss, England: Tarquin Publications, 1999. Colourful introductory booklet on the history of mazes and labyrinths.
Fisher, Adrian & Georg Gerster. The Art of the Maze. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990. Reprinted by Seven Dials, London, 2000. Published in the USA as Labyrinth - Solving the Riddle of the Maze by Harmony Books, 1990. Fully illustrated guide to mazes and labyrinths worldwide, with good historical summary.
Hallman, Frithjof. Das Rätsel der Labyrithe. Ardagger, Austria: Michael Damböck, 1994. Quirky and rather unreliable, this collection of theories and ideas about labyrinths also contains a useful catalogue of examples.
Kern, Hermann. Labyrinthe. Munich: Prestel, 1982. The original German language edition of Kern's exhaustive catalogue, still available, but now replaced by the new English edition.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000. Definitive scholarly catalogue of historic labyrinths from around the world, now translated to English and extensively updated. Unbeatable detail of Roman labyrinth mosaics, medieval manuscripts and early printed sources. An essential book for the serious researcher.
Krause, Ernst. Die Trojaburgen Nordeuropas. Glogau: 1893. Quirky by modern standards, this was one of the first books written specifically about labyrinths. Attempts to prove a Bronze Age origin for labyrinths in the far north.
Matthews, W.H. Mazes and Labyrinths - Their History & Development. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1922, reprinted, New York: Dover Publications, 1970. The 1922 classic study of the subject and still full of facts and surprising snippets of information.
Pennick, Nigel. Mazes and Labyrinths. London: Robert Hale, 1990. A wide-ranging study of maze and labyrinth history, especially in the UK and Europe.
Reed Doob, Penelope. The Idea of the Labyrinth from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990. Scholarly study of labyrinths from classical antiquity through the mediaeval, especially in texts and literature. A valuable and reliable source for labyrinth descriptions and references in early manuscripts and the works of classical writers.
Saint-Hilaire, Paul de. L'universe Secret du Labyrinthe. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1992. French language guide to mazes and labyrinths, especially in Europe. Historically unreliable, but with extensive gazetteer of 500+ examples.
Santarcangeli, Paolo. Il Libro dei Labirinti. Firenze: Vallecchi Editore, 1967. Published in French as Le Livre des Labyrinthes, Paris: Gallimard, 1974. Pioneer study of labyrinths, now dated by recent research.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003. The definitive illustrated guide to historical labyrinths and mazes worldwide, with 400+ illustrations, maps, tables and extensive bibliography.
Saward, Jeff. Ancient Labyrinths of the World. Thundersley, England: Labyrinthos, 2001 (3rd edition). Illustrated guide booklet to the history of labyrinths.
Saward, Jeff. Magical Paths - Labyrinths & Mazes in the 21st Century. London: Mitchell Beazley, 2002. Published in French as Labyrinthes, Paris: Flammarion, 2003. Lavishly illustrated study of the current resurgence of mazes and labyrinths with historical summary.
Schuster, Carl. Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art, Volume 3, Book 2, ed. Edmund Carpenter. New York: Rock Foundation, 1988. A remarkable collection of labyrinth images and information from the archives of the late Carl Schuster.
Seifried, Ilse M. Das Labyrinth - oder Die Kunst zu Wandeln. Innsbruck, Austria: Haymon, 2002. Well-illustrated German-language study of labyrinth history and the modern labyrinth revival, with contributions from a number of artists and labyrinth builders.
Thordrup, Jřrgen. Alle Tiders Labyrinter. Silkeborg, Denmark: Dixit, 2002. Nicely illustrated Danish language study of labyrinths with particular emphasis on Denmark and Scandinavia and much valuable documentation.
Westbury, Virginia. Labyrinths - Ancient Paths of Wisdom and Peace. Sydney, Australia: Lansdowne Publishing, 2001. Nicely illustrated introduction to labyrinth history and the modern revival, with insight into the characters and reasons behind it all.
Wright, Craig. The Maze and the Warrior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. Scholarly study of the labyrinth symbol in mediaeval and renaissance architecture, theology and music, with valuable analysis of contemporary documentation and perceptions.
Prehistoric Petroglyphs & Graffiti
Anati, Emmanuel. Camonica Valley. London: Jonathan Cape, 1964.
Anati, Emmanuel. Evoluzione e stile nell'Arte rupestre camuna. Capo di Ponte, Italy: Edizioni del Centro, 1975.
Bradley, Richard. Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe. London & New York: Routledge, 1997.
Costas Goberna, Fernando Javier; José Manuel Hidalgo Cuńarro & Antonio de la Peńa Santos. Arte Rupestre no Sur da Ría de Vigo. Vigo, Spain: Instituto de Estudios Vigueses, 1999.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000.
Kraft, John. "Labyrinth Construction" Caerdroia 25 (1992), p.41.
Kraft, John. "The Queen's Medals" Caerdroia 28 (1997), pp.24-25.
Lundén, Staffan. "Labyrinth Construction" Caerdroia 24 (1991), pp.24-26.
Lundén, Staffan. "The Labyrinth in the Mediterranean" Caerdroia 27 (1996), pp.28-54; Caerdroia 28 (1997), pp.28-34 and Caerdroia 29 (1998), pp.38-42.
Peńa Santos, Antonio de la & J.M.Vázquez Varela. Los Petroglifos Gallegos. La Coruńa, Spain: Edicios Do Castro, 1979.
Peńa Santos, Antonio de la & Fernando J. Costas Goberna. "Los laberintos de tipo cretense en los grabados rupestre galaicos" Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Vigueses VI: 6 (2000), pp.283-306.
Rigoglioso, Marguerite. "The Oldest Labyrinth in the World? The Polyphemus Cave Paintings" Caerdroia 29 (1998), pp.14-22.
Saward, Abegael. "The Rocky Valley Labyrinths" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.21-27.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003.
Zanettin, A.-M. "Il significato magico-religioso del labirinto nell'arte rupestre Camuna" The intellectual expressions of prehistoric man: art and religion, Acts of the Valcamonica symposium '79, ed E. Anati & A. Beltran. Capo di Ponte, Italy: 1983.
Zanettin, A.-M. Il tema del labirinto nell'arte rupestre Camuna e sue possibili comparazion. Unpublished thesis at University of Rome, 1975.
Roman Labyrinths
Daszewski, Wictor. Nea Paphos II, La Mosaique de Thésée, Etudes sur les mosaiques avec representations du Labyrinth, de Thésée et du Minotaur. Varsovie: PWN editions scientifiques de Pologne, 1977.
Field, Robert. Mazes: Ancient & Modern. Diss, England: Tarquin Publications, 1999.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000. (Chapter VI provides the most complete catalogue of Roman mosaic labyrinths published)
Kraft, John. "The Cretan Labyrinth and the Walls of Troy: an analysis of Roman labyrinth designs" Opuscula Romana XV:6, (1985), pp79-86.
Ling, Roger. Ancient Mosaics. London: British Museum Press, 1998.
Lundén, Staffan. "The Labyrinth in the Mediterranean" Caerdroia 27 (1996), pp.28-54; Caerdroia 28 (1997), pp.28-34 and Caerdroia 29 (1998), pp.38-42.
Lundén, Staffan & John Kraft. "A Labyrinth Mosaic at Mieza, Macedonia" Caerdroia 28 (1997), pp.13-16.
Neal, David S. Roman Mosaics in Britain. Gloucester, England: Alan Sutton, 1981.
Phillips, Anthony. "The Topology of Roman Mosaic Mazes" Leonardo, vol.25, no.3/4 (1992), pp321-329.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003.
Soreto, Carlos. "Portuguese Mosaic Labyrinths" Caerdroia 33 (2003), pp.33-39.
Labyrinths in Christian Culture & Churches
Amé, Emile. Les Carrelages émaillés du Moyen Age. Paris, 1859.
Un Fil D'Ariane Pour Le Labyrinthe de Chartres. Chartres, France, Association des Amis du Centre Médiéval Européen de Chartres, 1999.
Clayton, Mary. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (Labyrinth manuscript, Abingdon, England).
Critchlow, Keith, Jane Carroll and Llewylyn Vaughan Lee. Chartres Maze - a model of the universe? London: RILKO Occasional Paper No.1, 1975.
Durand, Julien. "Les Pavés Mosaďques en Italie et en France." Annales Archéologiques, XIV & XVII, Paris, 1855 & 1857.
Ferré, Robert. Origin, Symbolism and Design of the Chartres Labyrinth. St.Louis, MO: One Way Press, 2001.
Gailhabaurd, Jules. L'Architecture du Ve au XVIIIe siecle. Paris, 1858.
Haubrichs, Wolfgang. "Error inextricabilis. Form and Function der Labyrinthabbildung in mittelalterlichen Handscriften." Text und Bild: Aspecte des Zusammenwirkens zweier Künste in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit. Wiesbaden, 1980, pp.63-174.
James, John. The Master Masons of Chartres. Leura, NSW Australia: West Grinstead Publishing, 1990.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth. ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000. (Chapter VII provides an extensive catalogue).
Ketley-Laporte, John and Odette. Chartres - le labyrinthe déchiffré. Chartres: Éditions Garnier, 1997.
Kraft, John. "Labyrinths in Nordic Churches" Caerdroia 24 (1991), pp.29-37.
Lundén, Staffan. "A New Labyrinth at Knidos" Caerdroia 33 (2002), pp.6-12. (Early Christian labyrinth inscription).
Mastrigli, Manuela. "The Volterra Lectern Labyrinth" Caerdroia 30 (1999), pp.6-9.
Mastrigli, Manuela & Fulvio Pompili. "A Labyrinth in the Centre of Rome" Caerdroia 30 (1999), pp.10-16. (Castel S.Angelo)
Matthews, W.H. Mazes and Labyrinths - A General Account of their History and Developments. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1922.
Reed Doob, Penelope. The Idea of the Labyrinth from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Rypson, Piotr. "The Labyrinth Poem" Visible Language, XX 1 (1986), pp.65-95.
Saint-Hilaire, Paul de. L'universe Secret du Labyrinthe. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1992.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003. (Chapter 3 provides a complete catalogue of church & cathedral labyrinths in Europe).
Saward, Jeff. "The Pavement Labyrinth in Gent Town Hall, Belgium" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.59-61.
Saward, Jeff & Jřrgen Thordrup. "Mazes & Labyrinths of Denmark III" Caerdroia 26 (1993), pp.57-59.
Schaefers, Fons. "A Catalogue of Labyrinths & Mazes in the Netherlands" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.28-35.
Simek, Rudolf. "Völunderhús - Domus Daedali: Labyrinths in Old Norse Manuscripts" Nowele vol.21-22 (1993) Odense University Press, pp.323-368.
Soyez, Edmond. Les Labyrinthes D'Églises. Amiens: Yvert & Tellier, 1896.
Thordrup, Jřrgen. Alle Tiders Labyrinter. Silkeborg, Denmark: Dixit, 2002. (Church labyrinths in Denmark & Scandinavia).
Trollope, Rev. Edward. "Notices of Ancient and Mediaeval Labyrinths" The Archaeological Journal XV (1858), pp.216-235.
Verbrugge, Rév.Pčre A.-R. "L'énigme des labyrinths" Atlantis 365 (1991), pp.200-279.
Villette, Jean. "L'énigne du labyrinthe de la cathédrale" Notre-Dame de Chartres 58 (1984), pp.4-13.
Wallet, Emanuel. Description d'une crypte et d'un pavé mosaďque de l'église St-Bertin ŕ Saint-Omer. St.Omer and Douai, 1843.
Watts, Mrs.G.F. (Mary). The Word in the Pattern - A Key to the Symbols on the Walls of the Chapel at Compton. London: Ward & Co., 1904.
Wright, Craig. The Maze and the Warrior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Turf Labyrinths
The following books, papers and articles provide valuable reading:
Britain
Allcott, Trevor. "A Scottish Turf Labyrinth" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.39-40.
Allcroft, A. Hadrian. Earthworks of England. London: Macmillan & Co., 1908.
Barker, Katherine. "The Mizmaze at Leigh" Caerdroia 23 (1990), pp.9-14.
Behrend, Michael. "Julian Bowers" Caerdroia 15 (1984), pp.4-7.
Behrend, Michael. "Julian's Bower and Troy Names" Caerdroia 27 (1996), pp.18-23.
Braybrooke, Lord. Audley End and Saffron Walden (1836), manuscript insertion (1859) in Saffron Walden Museum, Essex, England.
Fisher, Adrian & Georg Gerster. The Art of the Maze. London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1990.
Halliday, Robert. "Three Cambridgeshire Mazes" Caerdroia 22 (1989), pp.44-47.
Harte, Jeremy, "Dorset's Maypoles and Mazes" Dorset County Magazine, vol.113 (1986).
Hawkes, C.F.C., J.N.L. Myres & C.G. Stevens. Saint Catherine's Hill Winchester. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, vol.XI. Winchester: Warren & Son Ltd., 1930.
Matthews, W.H. Mazes and Labyrinths - A General Account of their History and Developments. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1922.
Mitchell, T.J. "Some Observations on Turf Mazes" Scarborough and District Archaeological Society Transactions, vol.1, no.5 (1962) pp.7-14. (Dalby, Yorkshire).
Morrell, R.W. Nottingham's Mysterious Mazes. Nottingham, England: APRA Press, 1990.
Mullard, Jonathan. Caerdroia Salopia. Telford, England: Mizmaze Publications, 1983. (Turf labyrinths in Shropshire).
Pennick, Nigel. Mazes and Labyrinths. London: Robert Hale, 1990.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003. (Chapter 4 provides an extensive overview and catalogue of turf labyrinths in Europe).
Thompson, Ian. Julian's Bower - a Guide to the Alkborough Turf Maze. Scunthorpe, England: Bluestone Books, 1999.
Trollope, Rev. Edward. "Notices of Ancient and Mediaeval Labyrinths" The Archaeological Journal XV (1858), pp.216-235.
Tyack, Rev. George S. "Mazes" in Ecclesiastical Curiosities, ed. William Andrews. London: Andrews & Co., 1899.
Wall, John. "Lincolnshire Turf Mazes." Caerdroia 26 (1993), pp.24-38.
Williams, Damon. "Three Cowley Troytowns" Caerdroia 22 (1989), pp.58-60. (Cowley, Oxfordshire).
Germany & Scandinavia
Hunke, Waltraud. Die Trojaburgen und ihre Bedeutung. Unpublished dissertation, 1940.
Kraft, John. "Wunderburg and Jerusalem" Caerdroia 13 (1983), pp.11-19.
Kraft, John. "German Turf Labyrinths" Caerdroia 14 (1984), pp.11-18. Kraft, John.
"Turf Labyrinths in Southern Scandinavia" Caerdroia 15 (1984), pp.14-22.
Krüger, Kurt. Rasenlabyrinthe. Marburg, Germany: privately published, 1995.
Leonhardt, K.Fr. "Das Rad in der Eilenriede" Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter (1938), pp.65-76.
Lotze, Wilhelm. Geschichte der Stadt Dransfeld. 1878.
Magdalinski, Pastor. "Die Windelbahn von Stolp in Pommern" Mannus 1921 (Leipzig 1922), pp.197-205.
Massman, H.F. Wunderkreis und Irrgarten für Turnplätze und Gartenanlagen. Leipzig, Germany: 1844.
Pennick, Nigel. Mazes and Labyrinths. London: Robert Hale, 1990.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003. (Chapter 4 provides an extensive overview and catalogue of turf labyrinths in Europe).
Stone Labyrinths
Many specialist papers describing specific sites have been published, especially in Sweden. The following books, papers and articles provide valuable reading for specific labyrinth locations and regions in particular, as well as general overviews of this complex subject matter.
Bäcksbacka, Christina. "Stenlabyrinter i Finland" Finska Fornminnesföreningens Mĺnadsblad (1972), pp.64-73.
Broadbent, Noel. Lichenometry and Archaeology. Research Reports nr.2. Centre for Arctic Cultural Research, Umeĺ University (1987).
Broadbent, Noel. "Datering av rösen och labyrinter pĺ Ĺland" Ĺländsk Odling 49 (1989), pp.99-105.
Coles, John. Images of the Past. Uddevalla, Sweden: Bohusläns Museuem Skrifter, nr.32, 1990. (Labyrinths in Bohuslän, Sweden).
Damell, David. "Rösaring and a Viking Age Cult Road" Archaeology and Environment 4 (1985), pp.171-185.
Gourina, N.N. "Sur la Datation des Labyrinthes de Pierre de la Mer Blanche et de la Mer de Barentz" Annales du Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Paleontologiques, 1957, pp.345-356. (Stone labyrinths in Arctic Russia).
Hultin, Johan. "The Bjorkskar Labyrinth." Caerdroia 30 (1999), pp.34-36. (Restoration of a stone labyrinth).
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000. (Chapter XVI - especially the addenda - has a valuable summary).
Kraft, John. "Gotlands Trojeborgar" Gotländskt Arkiv 1983, pp.59-90. (Catalogue of labyrinths on Gotland).
Kraft, John. The Goddess in the Labyrinth. Turku, Finland: Ĺbo Akademis, 1985. (Folklore of Scandinavian labyrinths).
Kraft, John. "Labyrintnamn - frĺn Troja till Trelleborg" Sydsvenska Ortnamnssällskapets, Ĺrsskrift 1986, pp.8-72. (Labyrinth names in northwest Europe).
Kraft, John. "The Magic Labyrinth" Caerdroia 19 (1986), pp.14-19. (Customs and folklore of stone labyrinths).
Kraft, John. "Labyrinths in Pagan Sweden" Caerdroia 21 (1987), pp.12-24.
Kraft, John. "The First Labyrinths in Scandinavia" Caerdroia 31 (2000), pp.18-22. (Prehistoric labyrinths in southern Sweden).
Kraft, John & Urmas Selirand. "Labyrinths in Estonia" Caerdroia 23 (1990), pp.32-37.
Kuratov, A.A. "On the Stone Labyrinths of Northern Europe" Sovetskaia Arkheologiia 1970, no.1, pp.34-47.
Lonegren, Sig. "From Labyrinths to Mazes" Caerdroia 26 (1993), pp.39-43. (Stone labyrinths in Stockholm archipelago).
Nance, R.Morton. "Troy Town" Journal of the Royal Institute of Cornwall vol.XXI (1923), pp.260-279. (St.Agnes, SW England).
Olsen, Bjřrnar. "Material Metaphors and Historical Practice: A Structural Analysis of Stone Labyrinths in coastal Finnmark, Arctic Norway" Fennoscandia Archaeologica VIII (1991), pp.51-58.
Olsen, Bjřrnar. "Stone Labyrinths in Arctic Norway" Caerdroia 27 (1996), pp.24-27.
Saward, Jeff. "Labyrinths of the Scillies" Caerdroia 23 (1990), pp.43-47. (Scilly Islands, SW England).
Saward, Jeff & Deb Saward. "The Labyrinth in Iceland" Caerdroia 29 (1998), pp.58-60.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003. (Chapter 4 provides an extensive overview of the history and distribution of stone labyrinths in Scandinavia, Iceland & Russia).
Sjöberg, Rabbe. "Lichenometric Dating of Boulder Labyrinths on the Upper Norrland Coast, Sweden" Caerdroia 27 (1996), pp.10-17.
Stjernström, Bo. "Ĺlands Labyrinter" Ĺländsk Odling 49 (1989), pp.107-115. (Ĺland archipelago, Finland).
Stjernström, Bo. "Baltic Labyrinths" Caerdroia 24 (1991), pp.14-17.
Stjernström, Bo & Anita Stjernström. "Magiska instrument längs leden" Dalarö-leden, Skärgĺrdsstiftelsens Ĺrsbok (1998), pp.90-99. (Stockholm archipelago).
Thordrup, Jřrgen. Alle Tiders Labyrinter. Silkeborg, Denmark: Dixit, 2002. (Stone labyrinths in Denmark & Scandinavia).
Vinnikov, A.Z. & A.T.Sinyuk. Following the Paths of the Past Centuries. Voronezh, Russia: 1990. (Central Russia).
Westerdahl, Christer. "Navigational Aspects of Stone Labyrinths and Compass Cards" Caerdroia 25 (1992), pp.32-40.
Garden Labyrinths and Hedge Mazes
Surprisingly, no books dealing specifically with the history of hedge mazes have been published to date. However, the following books, papers and articles provide valuable reading and further sources:
Carpeggiani, Paolo. "Labyrinths in the Gardens of the Renaissance" in The History of Garden Design, ed. Monique Mosser & Georges Teyssot. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991.
Collins, Tony & John Bosworth. "A Victorian Maze Restored" Caerdroia
16 (1985) pp.13-28. (Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex).
Crossley, Richard. "Thomas Kirke's Most Suprizing Labyrinth" Caerdroia 30 (1999), pp.37-38. (Cookridge House, Yorkshire, England).
Griswold, Mac & Eleanor Weller. The Golden Age of American Gardens. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991.
Fisher Adrian & Georg Gerster. The Art of the Maze. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000. (Chapter XV catalogues many interesting historic examples).
Laishley, Lilan. "The Harmonist Labyrinths" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.8-20. (Early hedge labyrinths in Indiana & Pennsylvania).
Lockridge, Ross F. (1877-1952). The Labyrinth of New Harmony. New Harmony, IN: New Harmony Memorial Commission, 1941. Reprint, Westport, Conn: Hyperion Press, 1975.
Locock, Martin. "A Holly Maze Restored" Caerdroia 23 (1990), p.19. (Castel Bromwich, England).
Lucifero, Roberto. Guida ai giardini perduti di Roma. Rome: TECLA & Di Baio Editore, 1995.
Matthews, W.H. Mazes and Labyrinths - A General Account of their History and Developments. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1922.
Pizzoni, Filippo. The Garden - A History in Landscape and Art. London: Aurum Press, 1999.
Reed Doob, Penelope. The Idea of the Labyrinth from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990. (Hedge mazes mentioned in late medieval texts).
Robey, Ann. "A 17th Century Water Maze at Greenwich" Caerdroia 29 (1998), p.33. (Greenwich, London).
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003. (Chapter 5 provides a worldwide distribution and history).
Schafers, Fons. "A Catalogue of Labyrinths & Mazes in the Netherlands" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.28-35. (Catalogue of Netherlands hedge mazes).
Strong, Roy. The Renaissance Garden in England. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979.
Strong, Roy. The Artist & the Garden. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 2000.
Thordrup, Jřrgen. "Labyrinter I fortid og nutid" Fra Kvangĺrd Til Humlekule, Meddelelser Fra Havebrugshistorisk Selskab Nr.24, 1994. (Hedge mazes in Denmark).
Thordrup, Jřrgen. Alle Tiders Labyrinter. Silkeborg, Denmark: Dixit, 2002. (Hedge mazes in Scandinavia).
The Labyrinth in India & Asia
Brooke, S.C. "The Labyrinth Pattern in India" Folklore LXIV (1953), pp.463-472.
Cimino, Rosa Maria. "A Short Note on a New Nepalese Labyrinth" East and West 45 (1995), pp.381-385.
Hyland, Paul. "The Ondavalli Labyrinth" Caerdroia 26 (1993), pp.11-12.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000.
Layard, John. "Labyrinth Ritual in Southern India" Folklore XLVIII (1937), pp.116-182.
Lundén, Staffan. "A Nepalese Labyrinth" Caerdroia 26 (1993), pp.13-22.
Lundén, Staffan. "A Nepalese Labyrinth" East and West 48 (1998), pp.117-134.
Nath, Ashoke. "Hoary Past of Goa" India Perspectives vol.14/1 (2001), pp.2-5.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003.
Scerrato, Umberto. "Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan" East and West 33 (1983), pp.21-29.
Schuster, Carl. Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art, Volume 3, Book 2, ed. Edmund Carpenter. New York: Rock Foundation, 1988.
The Labyrinth in Southern Africa
Kidd, Dudley. Savage Childhood. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1906.
Samuelson, L.H. Some Zulu Customs and Folk-lore. London: 1912.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003.
Saward, Jeff. "The Labyrinth in Southern Africa" Caerdroia 25 (1992), pp.42-43.
The Labyrinth in the American Southwest
Bahr, Donald (ed). O'Odham Creation & Related Events. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 2001.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Antiquities of Arizona and New Mexico. Leipzig: 1875.
Breazeale, J.F. The Pima and His Basket. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, 1923.
DeWald, Terry. The Papago Indians and Their Basketry. Tucson: Terry DeWald, 1979.
James, George Wharton. Indian Basketry. Pasadena, California: privately printed,1902; reprinted New York: Dover, 1972.
Kern, Hermann. Through the Labyrinth. ed. Robert Ferré & Jeff Saward. Munich: Prestel, 2000.
Kissell, Mary Lois. Basketry of the Papago and Pima. New York: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.17, no.4, 1916.
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003.
Saward, Jeff. "The House of Iitoi" Caerdroia 22 (1989), pp.30-38.
Saward, Jeff. "An Unusual Pima Labyrinth" Caerdroia 32 (2001), pp.4-7.
Schuster, Carl. Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art, Volume 3, Book 2, ed. Edmund Carpenter. New York: Rock Foundation, 1988.
Shaw, Anna Moore. Pima Indian Legends. Tucson: University of Arizona, 1968.
Slifer, Dennis. Signs of Life - rock art of the Upper Rio Grande. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Ancient City Press, 1998.
Tanner, Clara Lee. Indian Baskets of the Southwest. Tucson, University of Arizona, 1983.
Waters, Frank. Book of the Hopi. New York: Viking, 1963.
The Labyrinth in South America
Saward, Jeff. Labyrinths & Mazes. London: Gaia Books, 2003 & New York: Lark Books, 2003.
Schuster, Carl. Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art, Volume 3, Book 2, ed. Edmund Carpenter. New York: Rock Foundation, 1988.
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